- Which part of the brain houses the hypothalamus?
(a) Forebrain
(b) Midbrain
(c) Hindbrain
(d) Cerebellum - Which term describes the chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands?
(a) Nutrients
(b) Hormones
(c) Enzymes
(d) Antibodies - What type of hormones inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones?
(a) Stimulating hormones
(b) Inhibiting hormones
(c) Growth hormones
(d) Thyroid hormones - Which gland is directly regulated by the hypothalamus through neural pathways?
(a) Thyroid gland
(b) Adrenal gland
(c) Pancreas
(d) Posterior pituitary gland - What is the function of Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) produced by the hypothalamus?
(a) Stimulate growth hormone release
(b) Inhibit gonadotrophins synthesis
(c) Stimulate gonadotrophins synthesis and release
(d) Inhibit growth hormone release - Which gland is NOT classified as an organized endocrine body in the human body?
(a) Pancreas
(b) Liver
(c) Parathyroid
(d) Thyroid - What type of system transports hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
(a) Lymphatic system
(b) Nervous system
(c) Portal circulatory system
(d) Endocrine system - What is the function of somatostatin from the hypothalamus?
(a) Stimulate growth hormone release
(b) Inhibit gonadotrophins synthesis
(c) Inhibit growth hormone release
(d) Stimulate gonadotrophins synthesis and release - Which gland is located at the base of the brain?
(a) Pineal gland
(b) Pituitary gland
(c) Thyroid gland
(d) Thymus gland - Which term describes chemicals that act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts?
(a) Enzymes
(b) Hormones
(c) Antibodies
(d) Neurotransmitters - Which gland produces inhibiting hormones?
(a) Thyroid gland
(b) Pituitary gland
(c) Parathyroid gland
(d) Hypothalamus - Which gland is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus?
(a) Thyroid gland
(b) Adrenal gland
(c) Pancreas
(d) Posterior pituitary gland - What is the main function of hormones produced by the hypothalamus?
(a) Regulate body temperature
(b) Control hunger and thirst
(c) Stimulate synthesis and release of pituitary hormones
(d) Regulate sleep patterns - Which gland is NOT part of the endocrine system in humans?
(a) Liver
(b) Thyroid
(c) Pituitary
(d) Pancreas - Where do the hormones produced by the hypothalamus act upon?
(a) Liver
(b) Kidneys
(c) Pituitary gland
(d) Adrenal glands
- Which portion of the pituitary gland is commonly referred to as the anterior pituitary?
(a) Pars intermedia
(b) Pars nervosa
(c) Pars distalis
(d) Pars tuberalis - What hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland?
(a) Growth hormone (GH)
(b) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(c) Prolactin (PRL)
(d) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) - Which condition is characterized by excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults, leading to severe disfigurement?
(a) Gigantism
(b) Pituitary dwarfism
(c) Acromegaly
(d) Diabetes insipidus - What is the primary function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in females?
(a) Stimulate ovulation
(b) Regulate milk formation
(c) Induce spermatogenesis
(d) Stimulate growth hormone release - Which hormone acts on melanocytes and regulates skin pigmentation?
(a) Growth hormone (GH)
(b) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
(c) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(d) Prolactin (PRL) - What is the main function of oxytocin in females during childbirth?
(a) Stimulate muscle contraction
(b) Induce ovulation
(c) Regulate water resorption
(d) Inhibit growth hormone release - Which hormone acts mainly on the kidney and reduces water loss through urine?
(a) Growth hormone (GH)
(b) Oxytocin
(c) Vasopressin (ADH)
(d) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - Which hormone regulates the growth of mammary glands and formation of milk?
(a) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(b) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
(c) Prolactin (PRL)
(d) Luteinizing hormone (LH) - What is the primary function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in females?
(a) Stimulate ovulation
(b) Regulate milk formation
(c) Induce spermatogenesis
(d) Stimulate growth hormone release - Which gland is primarily responsible for the synthesis and secretion of vasopressin (ADH)?
(a) Adrenal gland
(b) Pancreas
(c) Thyroid gland
(d) Hypothalamus - What is the condition characterized by diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water due to impaired synthesis or release of ADH?
(a) Diabetes mellitus
(b) Cushing’s syndrome
(c) Addison’s disease
(d) Diabetes insipidus - Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex?
(a) Growth hormone (GH)
(b) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(c) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
(d) Prolactin (PRL) - Which portion of the pituitary gland stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin?
(a) Pars distalis
(b) Pars intermedia
(c) Pars nervosa
(d) Pars tuberalis - What is the primary function of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)?
(a) Stimulate muscle contraction
(b) Regulate skin pigmentation
(c) Induce ovulation
(d) Inhibit growth hormone release - Which hormone stimulates the synthesis and secretion of androgens from the testis in males?
(a) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
(b) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
(c) Prolactin (PRL)
(d) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - What is the primary function of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) secreted by the thyroid gland?
(a) Regulation of blood sugar levels
(b) Regulation of blood calcium levels
(c) Control of body temperature
(d) Maintenance of fluid balance - What term describes the condition of an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland?
(a) Hypothyroidism
(b) Hyperthyroidism
(c) Goitre
(d) Cretinism - What hormone regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?
(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroxine (T4)
(c) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
(d) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - Which disease is characterized by protrusion of the eyeballs, increased basal metabolic rate, and weight loss?
(a) Cretinism
(b) Graves’ disease
(c) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
(d) Myxedema - What physiological process is influenced by thyroid hormones?
(a) Reproduction
(b) Digestion
(c) Respiration
(d) Circulation - What is the role of melatonin in regulating the menstrual cycle?
(a) Stimulating ovulation
(b) Regulating estrogen levels
(c) Inducing menstruation
(d) Inhibiting follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release - What condition results from the over-secretion of growth hormone in adults?
(a) Gigantism
(b) Pituitary dwarfism
(c) Acromegaly
(d) Diabetes insipidus - What is the function of oxytocin in the female body?
(a) Stimulating muscle growth
(b) Inducing labor contractions
(c) Regulating blood pressure
(d) Inhibiting appetite - Which hormone influences the process of red blood cell formation?
(a) Growth hormone (GH)
(b) Thyroxine (T4)
(c) Erythropoietin
(d) Vasopressin (ADH) - What effect does hypothyroidism during pregnancy have on the developing baby?
(a) Accelerated growth
(b) Mental retardation
(c) Enhanced hearing ability
(d) Increased intelligence quotient - Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?
(a) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(b) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
(c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
(d) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - What is the primary function of vasopressin (ADH) in the body?
(a) Regulating blood sugar levels
(b) Controlling blood pressure
(c) Maintaining water balance
(d) Regulating body temperature - What role do thyroid hormones play in carbohydrate metabolism?
(a) Stimulating breakdown of glycogen
(b) Inhibiting gluconeogenesis
(c) Promoting glucose absorption
(d) Enhancing insulin secretion - How many parathyroid glands are present in humans?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five - What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?
(a) Thyroxine (T4)
(b) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
(c) Insulin
(d) Adrenaline - What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
(a) Decrease blood calcium levels
(b) Inhibit bone resorption
(c) Stimulate calcium excretion by the kidneys
(d) Increase blood calcium levels - How does PTH affect bone resorption?
(a) It inhibits bone breakdown
(b) It stimulates bone formation
(c) It promotes bone dissolution
(d) It has no effect on bones - Besides bones, which organ does PTH primarily act upon to regulate calcium levels?
(a) Liver
(b) Kidneys
(c) Pancreas
(d) Spleen - What role does PTH play in calcium absorption?
(a) It inhibits calcium absorption from the intestines
(b) It promotes calcium excretion through feces
(c) It stimulates calcium absorption from digested food
(d) It has no effect on calcium absorption - What is the primary function of the thymus gland?
(a) Regulation of blood pressure
(b) Regulation of body temperature
(c) Development of the immune system
(d) Regulation of metabolism - What type of hormones does the thymus gland secrete?
(a) Steroid hormones
(b) Peptide hormones called thymosins
(c) Thyroid hormones
(d) Insulin and glucagon - What role do thymosins play in the immune system?
(a) They promote production of red blood cells
(b) They stimulate bone growth
(c) They promote differentiation of T-lymphocytes
(d) They inhibit antibody production - What happens to the thymus gland in old individuals?
(a) It becomes enlarged
(b) It secretes more hormones
(c) It degenerates
(d) It becomes hyperactive - How many adrenal glands does the human body have?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four - What are the two types of tissues composing the adrenal gland?
(a) Cortex and medulla
(b) Epithelium and connective tissue
(c) White matter and grey matter
(d) Cartilage and bone - What disease is caused by underproduction of hormones by the adrenal cortex?
(a) Addison’s disease
(b) Cushing’s syndrome
(c) Diabetes mellitus
(d) Graves’ disease - What are adrenaline and noradrenaline collectively known as?
(a) Thyroid hormones
(b) Corticoids
(c) Glucocorticoids
(d) Catecholamines - What is the primary function of adrenaline and noradrenaline?
(a) Regulate blood pressure
(b) Control body temperature
(c) Respond to stress and emergency situations
(d) Stimulate bone growth - How do adrenaline and noradrenaline affect the heart and respiration rate?
(a) Decrease heart rate and respiration rate
(b) Increase heart rate and respiration rate
(c) Have no effect on heart rate and respiration rate
(d) Increase heart rate but decrease respiration rate - What do glucocorticoids primarily regulate in the body?
(a) Water and electrolyte balance
(b) Blood sugar levels
(c) Oxygen levels in the blood
(d) Hormone production - Which hormone is the main glucocorticoid in the body?
(a) Aldosterone
(b) Adrenaline
(c) Cortisol
(d) Noradrenaline - What is the function of cortisol in carbohydrate metabolism?
(a) Stimulate breakdown of glycogen
(b) Inhibit breakdown of glycogen
(c) Promote synthesis of glycogen
(d) Have no effect on glycogen - What is the primary function of aldosterone?
(a) Increase sodium excretion
(b) Stimulate potassium reabsorption
(c) Regulate blood pressure
(d) Promote calcium absorption - How many parathyroid glands are present in humans?
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five - What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?
(a) Thyroxine (T4)
(b) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
(c) Insulin
(d) Adrenaline - What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
(a) Decrease blood calcium levels
(b) Inhibit bone resorption
(c) Stimulate calcium excretion by the kidneys
(d) Increase blood calcium levels - How does PTH affect bone resorption?
(a) It inhibits bone breakdown
(b) It stimulates bone formation
(c) It promotes bone dissolution
(d) It has no effect on bones - Besides bones, which organ does PTH primarily act upon to regulate calcium levels?
(a) Liver
(b) Kidneys
(c) Pancreas
(d) Spleen - What role does PTH play in calcium absorption?
(a) It inhibits calcium absorption from the intestines
(b) It promotes calcium excretion through feces
(c) It stimulates calcium absorption from digested food
(d) It has no effect on calcium absorption - What is the primary function of the thymus gland?
(a) Regulation of blood pressure
(b) Regulation of body temperature
(c) Development of the immune system
(d) Regulation of metabolism - What type of hormones does the thymus gland secrete?
(a) Steroid hormones
(b) Peptide hormones called thymosins
(c) Thyroid hormones
(d) Insulin and glucagon - What role do thymosins play in the immune system?
(a) They promote production of red blood cells
(b) They stimulate bone growth
(c) They promote differentiation of T-lymphocytes
(d) They inhibit antibody production - What happens to the thymus gland in old individuals?
(a) It becomes enlarged
(b) It secretes more hormones
(c) It degenerates
(d) It becomes hyperactive - What type of gland is the pancreas?
(a) Exocrine
(b) Endocrine
(c) Composite
(d) Secretory - Which structure within the pancreas consists of ‘Islets of Langerhans’?
(a) Ducts
(b) Acini
(c) Lobules
(d) Lobes - What percentage of the pancreatic tissue do ‘Islets of Langerhans’ represent?
(a) 5-7%
(b) 3-5%
(c) 1-2%
(d) 10-12% - Which hormone is secreted by α-cells of the Islets of Langerhans?
(a) Insulin
(b) Glucagon
(c) Thyroxine
(d) Prolactin - What is the primary role of glucagon?
(a) Decrease blood sugar levels
(b) Stimulate glycogenolysis
(c) Enhance cellular glucose uptake
(d) Promote glycogenesis - How does glucagon affect blood glucose levels?
(a) Increases blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
(b) Decreases blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
(c) Has no effect on blood sugar
(d) Stabilizes blood sugar levels - Which cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?
(a) α-cells
(b) β-cells
(c) δ-cells
(d) ε-cells - What is the primary role of insulin?
(a) Increase blood sugar levels
(b) Stimulate gluconeogenesis
(c) Enhance cellular glucose uptake
(d) Inhibit glycogen synthesis - What effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?
(a) Increases blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
(b) Decreases blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
(c) Maintains stable blood sugar levels
(d) Depends on other factors - What complex disorder is associated with prolonged hyperglycemia?
(a) Hyperthyroidism
(b) Hypothyroidism
(c) Diabetes mellitus
(d) Cushing’s syndrome - What harmful compounds are formed in diabetes mellitus due to loss of glucose through urine?
(a) Insulin
(b) Glucagon
(c) Ketone bodies
(d) Adrenaline - Which therapy is commonly used to treat diabetic patients?
(a) Glucagon therapy
(b) Prolactin therapy
(c) Insulin therapy
(d) Thyroxine therapy - Which cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete a hormone called insulin?
(a) α-cells
(b) δ-cells
(c) β-cells
(d) γ-cells - What is the primary role of insulin in glucose metabolism?
(a) Stimulate glycogenolysis
(b) Increase blood sugar levels
(c) Enhance cellular glucose uptake
(d) Promote gluconeogenesis - How does prolonged hyperglycemia affect the formation of ketone bodies?
(a) Stimulates their formation
(b) Inhibits their formation
(c) Has no effect on their formation
(d) Decreases their concentration - What type of hormone is insulin?
(a) Protein
(b) Steroid
(c) Lipid
(d) Carbohydrate - What is the primary role of glucagon in carbohydrate metabolism?
(a) Stimulate glycogen synthesis
(b) Increase blood sugar levels
(c) Inhibit cellular glucose uptake
(d) Promote glycogenolysis - Which cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?
(a) α-cells
(b) β-cells
(c) δ-cells
(d) ε-cells - What is the main function of glucagon in the liver?
(a) Stimulate glycogen synthesis
(b) Promote gluconeogenesis
(c) Inhibit glycogenolysis
(d) Increase glucose uptake - What is the significance of ‘Islets of Langerhans’ in pancreatic function?
(a) They produce digestive enzymes
(b) They regulate blood sugar levels
(c) They synthesize bile salts
(d) They store excess glucose - Where are the testes located in male individuals?
(a) Inside the abdomen
(b) Within the scrotal sac
(c) Near the kidneys
(d) Attached to the bladder - What is the primary function of Leydig cells in the testes?
(a) Produce sperm
(b) Secrete androgens
(c) Synthesize estrogen
(d) Store testosterone - Which hormone group is mainly produced by Leydig cells?
(a) Estrogen
(b) Progesterone
(c) Androgens
(d) Cortisol - What role do androgens play in the male body?
(a) Stimulate breast development
(b) Inhibit muscular growth
(c) Regulate spermatogenesis
(d) Lower voice pitch - What is the primary function of androgens in spermatogenesis?
(a) Inhibit sperm production
(b) Stimulate sperm production
(c) Regulate hormonal balance
(d) Prevent sperm maturation - Where do the ovaries reside in female individuals?
(a) Within the scrotal sac
(b) In the abdomen
(c) Near the kidneys
(d) Attached to the uterus - What is the main product of the ovaries during each menstrual cycle?
(a) Estrogen
(b) Progesterone
(c) Ovum (egg)
(d) Testosterone - What are the two groups of steroid hormones produced by the ovaries?
(a) Androgens and testosterone
(b) Estrogen and testosterone
(c) Estrogen and progesterone
(d) Progesterone and cortisol - What is the source of estrogen production in the ovaries?
(a) Ovarian follicles
(b) Corpus luteum
(c) Oviducts
(d) Uterus - What role does estrogen play in female secondary sex characteristics?
(a) Stimulate hair growth
(b) Deepen voice pitch
(c) Develop breast tissue
(d) Promote muscular growth - Which structure secretes progesterone after ovulation?
(a) Ovarian follicle
(b) Corpus luteum
(c) Uterus
(d) Oviduct - What is the primary function of progesterone?
(a) Stimulate pregnancy
(b) Inhibit mammary gland development
(c) Promote ovulation
(d) Regulate menstrual cycle - What is the structure that forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation?
(a) Ovary
(b) Uterus
(c) Oviduct
(d) Corpus luteum - What is the primary action of progesterone on the mammary glands?
(a) Stimulate milk secretion
(b) Inhibit milk production
(c) Induce mammary gland atrophy
(d) Prevent alveoli formation - What role do androgens play in the development of male secondary sex characteristics?
(a) Stimulate voice pitch increase
(b) Inhibit muscular growth
(c) Promote breast development
(d) Regulate menstrual cycle - Which peptide hormone is secreted by the atrial wall of the heart to decrease blood pressure?
(a) Atrial vasoconstrictor
(b) Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
(c) Cardiac adrenaline
(d) Ventricular dilator - What is the main effect of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) secretion?
(a) Decrease blood sugar levels
(b) Increase blood pressure
(c) Decrease blood pressure
(d) Stimulate heart rate - Which cells of the kidney produce the peptide hormone erythropoietin?
(a) Glomerular cells
(b) Tubular cells
(c) Juxtaglomerular cells
(d) Medullary cells - What is the primary function of erythropoietin?
(a) Regulate blood glucose levels
(b) Stimulate red blood cell production
(c) Control blood pressure
(d) Increase bone density - Which peptide hormone acts on the gastric glands to stimulate secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen?
(a) Secretin
(b) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
(c) Gastrin
(d) Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) - What is the primary effect of secretin on the exocrine pancreas?
(a) Stimulate water and bicarbonate ion secretion
(b) Inhibit enzyme secretion
(c) Increase insulin secretion
(d) Decrease bile secretion - Which hormone stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile juice?
(a) Gastrin
(b) Secretin
(c) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
(d) Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) - What is the main role of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)?
(a) Stimulate gastric secretion and motility
(b) Inhibit gastric secretion and motility
(c) Stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion
(d) Inhibit bile juice secretion - Apart from endocrine glands, where else are hormones secreted?
(a) Muscles
(b) Bones
(c) Tendons
(d) Non-endocrine tissues - Which hormone is essential for normal growth of tissues and tissue repair?
(a) Gastrin
(b) Secretin
(c) Growth hormone
(d) Insulin - What is the function of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) when blood pressure is increased?
(a) Decrease blood pressure
(b) Increase blood pressure
(c) Stimulate vasoconstriction
(d) Inhibit heart rate - Which hormone stimulates the formation of red blood cells?
(a) Insulin
(b) Cortisol
(c) Erythropoietin
(d) Thyroxine - What effect does gastrin have on the gastric glands?
(a) Inhibit acid secretion
(b) Stimulate acid secretion
(c) Promote enzyme secretion
(d) Inhibit enzyme secretion - Which hormone stimulates water and bicarbonate ion secretion from the pancreas?
(a) Gastrin
(b) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
(c) Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
(d) Secretin - What is the main role of growth factors secreted by non-endocrine tissues?
(a) Regulate blood pressure
(b) Control blood sugar levels
(c) Stimulate tissue growth and repair
(d) Inhibit hormone production - How do hormones primarily produce their effects on target tissues?
(a) By binding to enzymes
(b) By stimulating neurotransmitters
(c) By interacting with hormone receptors
(d) By directly entering the nucleus - What are the two main types of hormone receptors based on their location?
(a) Enzymatic receptors and membrane receptors
(b) Intracellular receptors and extracellular receptors
(c) Membrane-bound receptors and nuclear receptors
(d) Endocrine receptors and exocrine receptors - Which type of receptor is mainly involved in peptide hormone signaling?
(a) Intracellular receptors
(b) Membrane-bound receptors
(c) Nuclear receptors
(d) Endocrine receptors - What biochemical changes occur upon the formation of a hormone-receptor complex?
(a) Activation of enzymes
(b) Inhibition of protein synthesis
(c) Regulation of cellular metabolism
(d) Destruction of DNA - Which group of hormones primarily interacts with intracellular receptors?
(a) Peptide hormones
(b) Steroid hormones
(c) Amino-acid derivatives
(d) Thyroid hormones - What is the function of second messengers generated by hormone-receptor interaction?
(a) Enter the cell nucleus
(b) Inhibit cellular metabolism
(c) Regulate gene expression
(d) Enhance protein synthesis - Which hormone group typically generates second messengers to regulate cellular metabolism?
(a) Steroid hormones
(b) Thyroid hormones
(c) Peptide hormones
(d) Amino-acid derivatives - How do steroid hormones primarily regulate gene expression?
(a) By binding directly to DNA
(b) By inhibiting mRNA synthesis
(c) By stimulating protein degradation
(d) By interacting with cell membranes - Which type of receptors do peptide hormones mainly interact with?
(a) Intracellular receptors
(b) G protein-coupled receptors
(c) Tyrosine kinase receptors
(d) Nuclear receptors - Which hormone group primarily regulates chromosome function?
(a) Peptide hormones
(b) Steroid hormones
(c) Thyroid hormones
(d) Amino-acid derivatives - What is the primary function of intracellular receptors?
(a) Regulate cellular metabolism
(b) Generate second messengers
(c) Stimulate enzyme activity
(d) Control gene expression - Which hormone group includes insulin and glucagon?
(a) Peptide hormones
(b) Steroid hormones
(c) Thyroid hormones
(d) Amino-acid derivatives - How do hormones primarily influence cellular metabolism through membrane-bound receptors?
(a) By directly entering the cell nucleus
(b) By activating second messengers
(c) By inhibiting enzyme activity
(d) By disrupting cellular membranes - What is the primary function of steroid hormones?
(a) Activate second messengers
(b) Stimulate protein synthesis
(c) Regulate gene expression
(d) Inhibit enzyme activity - Which type of receptors mainly regulate the formation of second messengers?
(a) Intracellular receptors
(b) Membrane-bound receptors
(c) Nuclear receptors
(d) Enzymatic receptors - What do second messengers primarily regulate within the cell?
(a) Gene expression
(b) Protein synthesis
(c) Enzyme activity
(d) Membrane integrity - Which hormone group mainly regulates cellular metabolism through second messengers?
(a) Steroid hormones
(b) Peptide hormones
(c) Thyroid hormones
(d) Amino-acid derivatives - How do steroid hormones primarily affect gene expression?
(a) By directly binding to DNA
(b) By inhibiting protein synthesis
(c) By stimulating enzyme activity
(d) By activating second messengers - Which type of receptors do steroid hormones mainly interact with?
(a) G protein-coupled receptors
(b) Tyrosine kinase receptors
(c) Intracellular receptors
(d) Nuclear receptors - What is the main outcome of hormone-receptor complex formation?
(a) Inhibition of cellular metabolism
(b) Activation of gene expression
(c) Degradation of DNA
(d) Disruption of cellular structure - Which gland secretes melatonin to regulate diurnal rhythms?
(a) Adrenal gland
(b) Pineal gland
(c) Thyroid gland
(d) Pituitary gland - What is the role of thyroid hormones in metabolism?
(a) Inhibition of metabolism
(b) Regulation of basal metabolic rate
(c) Decrease in neural system development
(d) Promotion of carbohydrate breakdown - Which hormone is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood?
(a) Melatonin
(b) Insulin
(c) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
(d) Glucagon - What is the function of thymosins secreted by the thymus gland?
(a) Regulation of blood pressure
(b) Stimulation of erythropoiesis
(c) Promotion of cell-mediated immunity
(d) Inhibition of hormonal secretion - Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
(a) Glucocorticoids
(b) Mineralocorticoids
(c) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
(d) Insulin and glucagon - What is the primary function of glucocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex?
(a) Stimulation of inflammation
(b) Regulation of water balance
(c) Suppression of the immune response
(d) Promotion of glycogen synthesis - Which hormone regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis?
(a) Insulin
(b) Glucagon
(c) Thyroxine
(d) Cortisol - What condition arises due to insulin deficiency or resistance?
(a) Cushing’s syndrome
(b) Addison’s disease
(c) Diabetes mellitus
(d) Hyperthyroidism - What is the primary function of androgens secreted by the testis?
(a) Stimulation of female accessory sex organ development
(b) Promotion of male secondary sex characteristics
(c) Regulation of progesterone levels
(d) Inhibition of spermatogenesis - Which hormone plays a role in the maintenance of pregnancy and mammary gland development?
(a) Estrogen
(b) Testosterone
(c) Progesterone
(d) Androgens - What hormone is produced by the atrial wall of the heart to decrease blood pressure?
(a) Gastrin
(b) Atrial natriuretic factor
(c) Secretin
(d) Cholecystokinin - What is the function of erythropoietin secreted by the kidney?
(a) Regulation of blood glucose levels
(b) Stimulation of red blood cell production
(c) Promotion of bile secretion
(d) Inhibition of gastric motility - Which hormone regulates the secretion of digestive juices in the gastrointestinal tract?
(a) Insulin
(b) Gastrin
(c) Melatonin
(d) Glucagon - Which organ secretes cholecystokinin to stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion?
(a) Liver
(b) Kidney
(c) Heart
(d) Gastrointestinal tract - What is the primary role of gastrin in the gastrointestinal tract?
(a) Inhibition of gastric secretion
(b) Stimulation of hydrochloric acid secretion
(c) Regulation of blood glucose levels
(d) Promotion of water reabsorption - Which hormone primarily regulates the growth and development of somatic tissues?
(a) Insulin
(b) Glucagon
(c) Growth hormone
(d) Thyroxine - What is the function of thyrocalcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland?
(a) Promotion of calcium absorption
(b) Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
(c) Inhibition of calcium release from bones
(d) Regulation of erythropoiesis - Which hormone plays a role in promoting cellular glucose uptake and utilization?
(a) Glucagon
(b) Insulin
(c) Parathyroid hormone
(d) Growth hormone - What is the main role of glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels?
(a) Stimulation of glycogen synthesis
(b) Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
(c) Promotion of glycogenolysis
(d) Suppression of insulin secretion - Which hormone primarily stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics?
(a) Progesterone
(b) Estrogen
(c) Testosterone
(d) Androgens - What is the main function of progesterone secreted by the ovary?
(a) Stimulation of mammary gland development
(b) Promotion of female secondary sex characteristics
(c) Maintenance of pregnancy
(d) Inhibition of spermatogenesis - Which hormone stimulates erythropoiesis?
(a) Insulin
(b) Gastrin
(c) Erythropoietin
(d) Thyroxine - What is the primary role of the pancreas in hormone regulation?
(a) Regulation of blood calcium levels
(b) Stimulation of insulin secretion
(c) Promotion of protein synthesis
(d) Inhibition of gluconeogenesis - Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk ejection from the mammary gland?
(a) Insulin
(b) Prolactin
(c) Progesterone
(d) Estrogen - What is the function of parathyroid hormone in calcium homeostasis?
(a) Decreases blood calcium levels
(b) Promotes calcium excretion in urine
(c) Increases blood calcium levels
(d) Inhibits calcium absorption in the intestines - Which gland secretes melatonin, a hormone involved in regulating diurnal rhythms?
(a) Pineal gland
(b) Hypothalamus
(c) Pituitary gland
(d) Adrenal gland - The thyroid gland hormones play a crucial role in the regulation of which metabolic process?
(a) Glycogenolysis
(b) Lipolysis
(c) Gluconeogenesis
(d) Basal metabolic rate - What is the primary function of thyrocalcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland?
(a) Increases blood calcium levels
(b) Decreases blood calcium levels
(c) Stimulates erythropoiesis
(d) Enhances protein synthesis - Which gland is responsible for secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
(a) Thyroid gland
(b) Parathyroid gland
(c) Pancreas
(d) Adrenal gland - What role do thymosins play in the immune system?
(a) Enhance antibody production
(b) Stimulate erythropoiesis
(c) Increase blood glucose levels
(d) Regulate calcium homeostasis - Which hormones are primarily secreted by the adrenal medulla?
(a) Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
(b) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
(c) Glucagon and insulin
(d) Estrogen and progesterone - Glucocorticoids stimulate which metabolic processes?
(a) Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
(b) Lipolysis and proteolysis
(c) Erythropoiesis and cardio-vascular function
(d) Gluconeogenesis and insulin secretion - What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex?
(a) Stimulate glycogenolysis
(b) Regulate water and electrolyte balance
(c) Enhance protein synthesis
(d) Suppress the immune response - Which hormones are secreted by the endocrine pancreas?
(a) Glucagon and insulin
(b) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
(c) Estrogen and progesterone
(d) Melatonin and thyrocalcitonin - Insulin deficiency or resistance leads to which medical condition?
(a) Hypothyroidism
(b) Hyperthyroidism
(c) Diabetes mellitus
(d) Cushing’s syndrome - What is the primary function of androgens secreted by the testis?
(a) Stimulate spermatogenesis
(b) Regulate menstrual cycle
(c) Enhance mammary gland development
(d) Increase blood calcium levels - Estrogen primarily stimulates the development of which female organs?
(a) Testis
(b) Prostate gland
(c) Ovary
(d) Mammary glands - Progesterone plays a major role in which physiological process?
(a) Spermatogenesis
(b) Pregnancy maintenance
(c) Gluconeogenesis
(d) Protein synthesis - Which hormone decreases blood pressure and is produced by the atrial wall of the heart?
(a) Insulin
(b) Atrial natriuretic factor
(c) Erythropoietin
(d) Melatonin - Erythropoietin, a hormone involved in stimulating erythropoiesis, is primarily produced by which organ?
(a) Kidney
(b) Liver
(c) Heart
(d) Pancreas - Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide are hormones secreted by which organ?
(a) Liver
(b) Pancreas
(c) Gastrointestinal tract
(d) Kidney - Which hormones are mainly responsible for regulating the secretion of digestive juices?
(a) Glucagon and insulin
(b) Gastrin and secretin
(c) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
(d) Estrogen and progesterone - Which gland secretes hormones that help in the regulation of calcium homeostasis?
(a) Pineal gland
(b) Parathyroid gland
(c) Thymus gland
(d) Pancreas - The pituitary gland is divided into how many major parts?
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four - Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of the growth and development of somatic tissues?
(a) Thyroxine
(b) Growth hormone
(c) Glucagon
(d) Insulin - Which hormone regulates the formation of RBCs?
(a) Glucagon
(b) Insulin
(c) Erythropoietin
(d) Thyroxine - What is the primary function of glucagon?
(a) Decrease blood glucose levels
(b) Stimulate glycogen synthesis
(c) Increase blood glucose levels
(d) Inhibit insulin secretion - Which hormone primarily stimulates the breakdown of glycogen?
(a) Insulin
(b) Glucagon
(c) Melatonin
(d) Prolactin - What role do thymosins play in the immune system?
(a) Enhance antibody production
(b) Stimulate erythropoiesis
(c) Increase blood glucose levels
(d) Regulate calcium homeostasis - The adrenal medulla secretes hormones that are involved in which response?
(a) Fight or flight
(b) Digestive regulation
(c) Sleep-wake cycle
(d) Blood calcium regulation - What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex?
(a) Regulate water and electrolyte balance
(b) Stimulate glu
